The following is a comprehensive, well-documented and trusted source of information for anyone seeking data and statistics related to pediatric cancers.  It was prepared by the Coalition Against Childhood Cancer (CAC2) Fact Library Team. 

The CAC2 Fact Library team updates its listing annually so that it can continue to be instrumental in building awareness of the realities associated with diagnosis, treatment, remission, and survivorship.
 

LATEST COMPLETE DATA YEAR: 2019
 

All statistics below are for U.S. children from birth through age 19 unless stated otherwise. This summary relies on the most recent published data with respect to its contents, some of which dates back one or more years.
 

Diagnosis

 

• The overall incidence of childhood cancer is on the increase, averaging 0.7% increase per year since 1975. Children (0-14) increased 0.9%, while adolescents and young adults, overall cancer incidence rates increased an average of 0.9% per year from 2012 to 2016. (37, 7F)
   

• 1,190 children (aged 0 -14) and 540 adolescents (aged 15-19) are expected to die from cancer in 2020 (excluding benign and borderline malignant brain tumors). (1A)
   

• About 1 in 285 children will develop cancer before the age of 20. (6A)
   

• 46 children per day or 16,850 children per year are expected to be diagnosed in 2020 with cancer (11,050 ages 0 to 14, and 5,800 ages 15 to 19) (1A)
   

• 5,270 children under 20 years will be diagnosed with brain and other CNS Tumors. (35)
   

• The average age at diagnosis is 8 overall (ages 0 to 19), 5 years old for children (aged 0 to 14), and 17 years old for adolescents (aged 15 to 19) (9), while adults’ average age for cancer diagnosis is 65 (7a)
   

• Childhood cancer is not one disease – there are more than 12 major types of pediatric cancers and over 100 subtypes. (1)
   

• Most new cancer diagnoses in children are for leukemia (26.1%) brain/CNS cancers (17.2%), while brain/CNS cancers (21%) and lymphoma (20%) were top cancers for the adolescents. (9)
   

Long Term Health-Effects Associated with Treatments & Survival

 

• Cancer in children and young adults is different from cancer that develops later in life. Some of the unwanted side effects of cancer treatments cause more harm to children than they do to adults. This is because children’s bodies are still growing and developing, so cancer and its treatment are more likely to affect developing organs. (7H)
   

• More than 95% of childhood cancer survivors will have a significant health related issue by the time they are 45 years of age (2); these health-related issues are side-effects of either the cancer or more commonly, the result of its treatment. 1/3 will suffer severe and chronic side effects; 1/3rd will suffer moderate to severe health problems; and 1/3rd will suffer slight to moderate side effects. (2)
   

• Female childhood cancer survivors who were treated with chemotherapy— even if they did not receive radiation treatments to their chest — are six times more likely than the general population to be diagnosed with breast cancer later in life. For those who did receive chest radiation, that chance increases exponentially and is on par with those who have the BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. (28)
   

• Childhood cancer survivors are at a 15-fold increased risk of developing Congestive Heart Failure and are at 7-fold higher risk of premature death due to cardiac causes, when compared with the general population. There is a strong dose-dependent relation between anthracycline chemotherapy exposure and
   

• CHF risk, and the risk is higher among those exposed to chest radiation. (33)
   

Treatment, Research, Funding

 

• 
  Compared with the average stay among children and adolescents, those for cancer care were more than twice as expensive ($17,500 compared with $8,500 per stay) and about two days longer than the typical stay (6.4 versus 4.5 days).
   

• Pediatric cancer stays were also more expensive ($17,500 versus $12,100), but not any longer than adult cancer stays. (5)
   

• The average cost associated with childhood cancer in 2018 was $833,000 for one child for medical costs and lost parental wages. (36)
   

• One in four families lose more than 40% of their annual household income as a result of childhood cancer treatment-related work disruption, while one in three families face other work disruptions such as having to quit work or change jobs. (36)
   

• More than 90% of children and adolescents who are diagnosed with cancer each year in the United States are cared for at a children’s cancer center that is affiliated with the NCI-supported Children’s Oncology Group(COG).  Children’s Oncology Group is the world’s largest organization that performs clinical research to improve the care and treatment of children and adolescents with cancer.  Each year, approximately 4,000 children who are diagnosed with cancer enroll in a COG-sponsored clinical trial. COG trials are sometimes open to individuals aged 29 years or even older when the type of cancer being studied is one that occurs in children, adolescents, and young adults. (4)
   

• As reflected below in the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Funded Research Portfolio, from 2008 through 2017, the NCI spent an average of 3.97% of its research funding on childhood cancers research. (7C)

Funding

There are two conflicting reporting methods available that are used to gauge federal childhood cancer research investment.  A report used in the past and often cited by advocates, is the National Cancer Institute’s Funded Research Portfolio (NFRP)(7C) below. It indicates that from 2008 through 2018, the NCI spent an average of 4.08% of its obligations on childhood cancer research.   According to NCI’s Office of Advocacy Relations (OAR), the NFRP does not reflect NCI’s total investment in any one particular area of research—including childhood cancers—because it does not account for basic science awards, which are not categorized by cancer type and which may have applications to multiple types of cancer.

 

About the NCI Funded Research Portfolio  (https://fundedresearch.cancer.gov/nciportfolio/)

 

The NCI Funded Research Portfolio (NFRP) web site contains information about research grants, contract awards, and intramural research projects funded by the National Cancer Institute. The NFRP provides access to various NCI budget reports that contain information about research funding according to specific research categories. It also provides the ability to search the database in various ways, including text searching of project abstracts and the ability to search the NIH research categories that are assigned to projects carried out by extramural and intramural groups.  (7D)

 

How does NCI generate NFRP funding data?

At the close of each fiscal year, NCI asks each of its scientific organizations to report their research funding according to specific research categories. The reports that NCI intramural and extramural programs provide are then combined to determine the NCI funding totals for individual research areas. The total research funding for each category is reviewed and verified before NCI publishes on the NCI web site, Cancer.gov.  (7D)

What is scientific coding?

Scientific coding refers to the categorization of research projects according to scientific focus. In this process, research projects are analyzed and classified according to scientific topic and content. Scientific coding allows the development of science-based budget information, which can be used in portfolio analysis to examine the distribution of funds across research areas. Scientific coding is also necessary to answer inquiries about the scientific and budgetary aspects of Institute-funded research.  NCI employs a sophisticated system of scientific coding in which trained professionals and/or scientific staff analyze grant applications, contracts, and intramural projects to classify each project for its degree of relevance to Special Interest Category (SIC) and Organ Site (SITE) codes. This coding structure is meant to describe in a consistent way the major scientific disciplines requested by NIH, DHHS, Congress, and the public. A critical characteristic of coded data is comparability from one fiscal year to the next. This process allows the Institute to respond quickly to requests for information from NCI staff and the broader community. The coding definitions used by the NCI intramural program are consistent with those used for extramural grants and research and development (R&D) contracts to maintain accuracy across the Institute’s portfolio. (7D)

Another report, preferred by OAR, is the NIH RePORTER, which is a congressionally-mandated system all NIH Institutes and Centers (ICs) use to report data by fiscal year (FY). This tool highlights annual support for various research, condition, and disease categories (RCDC) based on grants, contracts, and other funding mechanisms used across NIH.

According to OAR, like the NFRP, the NIH RePORTER also does not account for the totality of NCI’s investment in a given area of research because basic science awards cannot be categorized by individual cancer type.  Using Total NCI Obligations, without making allowances for NIH items included in the Pediatric Cancer Amount, would distort the percentage of Total Obligations.

 

While both of the above reports, The NFRP and the NIH RePORTER, seem unable to capture a completely accurate measure of childhood cancer research expenditure as it relates to total research dollars, perhaps a better method to measure progress may be to compare NIH RePORTER pediatric dollars (c) to the Total NIH Dollars (d) for each fiscal year.  This method would show changes from one year to the next.  Note that the chart below shows that the pediatric cancer expenditures are growing from 2016 to 2019.

 

 

Survival

Pediatric Cancer 5-Year Observed Survival Rates, Ages Birth to 19 Years (1) The table below is a representation of the estimated 5-year survival rates for various types of childhood cancers for years 2009 through 2015. It should be noted the survival rates listed below reflect general rates and in no way are a representation of an anticipated actual survival outcome for any individual child. (1A)

 

• The average 5-year survival rate for childhood cancers when considered as a whole is 84%. (1A, 3)
   

• Cancer survival rates vary not only depending upon the type of cancer, but also upon individual factors attributable to each child. (6)
   

• The average 5-year survival rate, not including children with ALL, is 80%. (1)
   

• Survival rates can range from almost 0% for cancers such as DIPG, a type of brain cancer, to as high as 90% for the most common type of childhood cancer known as Acute Lymphoma Leukemia (ALL). (1)
   

• Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) represents approximately 80% of the malignant brainstem tumors occurring in children. Despite numerous clinical trials, the outcome of children with DIPG continues to remain dismal, with a median survival of 9–12 months and a 2-year overall survival (OS) rate of less than 10%. (34)
   

• 12.5% of all newly diagnosed brain tumors occur under age 20. (7G)
   

• In 2015 there were nearly 429,000 childhood cancer survivors in the United States. This number is projected to grow to more than 500,000 by 2020. (27)
   

• Approximately 1 in 530 young adults between the ages of
 20 and 39 is a survivor of childhood cancer. (1)
   

• Children who were treated for bone cancer, brain tumors, and Hodgkin lymphoma, or who received radiation to their chest, abdomen, or pelvis, have the highest risk of serious late effects from their cancer treatment, including second cancers, joint replacement, hearing loss, and congestive heart failure. (4)
   

• Long-term follow-up analysis of a cohort of survivors of childhood cancer treated between 1970 and 1986 has shown that cancer survivors remain at risk of complications and premature death as they age, with more than half of survivors having experienced a severe or disabling complication or even death by the time they reach age 50 years.  Children treated in more recent decades may have lower risks of late effects due to modifications in treatment regimens to reduce exposure to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, increased efforts to detect late effects, and improvements in medical care for late effects. (4)

Mortality

Cancer is the number one cause of death by disease among children. (4)

On average, about 16% of children die within 5 years of diagnosis. Among those children who survive to five years from diagnosis, 18% of them will die over the next 25 years. (8)

Overall cancer death rates among children ages 0 to 14 years decreased an average of 1.4% per year. Among adolescents and young adults ages 15 to 39 years, overall cancer death rates decreased an average of 1.0% per year. (37)

Those that survive the five years have an eight times greater mortality rate due to the increased risk of liver and heart disease and increased risk for reoccurrence of the original cancer or of a secondary cancer. (8)

There are 70 potential life years lost on average when a child dies of cancer compared to 15 potential life years lost for adults. (7B)

Brain cancer represents 29.9% of total childhood cancer deaths while leukemia accounts for 24.9%(7E)

A diagnosis of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is normally terminal with less than 25% of children surviving even two years. (29)

Worldwide, 100,000 children lose their lives every year to cancer. (33A)

Drug Development

Between the years of 2009 and 2019, nine of the 11 drugs used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia — which is the most common childhood cancer — were in and out of shortage. (32)

While hundreds of cancer drugs have been developed and approved for adults, the FDA, through 2019 has approved a total of 34 drugs for use in the treatment of childhood cancers. 30 of the drugs were originally approved only for adult use. Today we have only four drugs that were approved in the first instance for use in cancer treatment for children: Teniposide (1992 for ALL) use now discontinued by NCI, clofarabine (2004 for ALL), dinutuximab (2015 for NB), tisagenlecleucel (2017 for ALL) and calaspargase pegol-mk (2018 for ALL). (7)

 

Global Facts

 

In 2018, The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer with partners to provide leadership and technical assistance to support governments in building and sustaining high-quality childhood cancer programs. The goal is to achieve at least 60% survival rate globally by 2030, for all children with cancer. This represents an approximate doubling of the current cure rate and will save an additional one million lives over the next decade. The objectives are to increase capacity of countries to deliver best practices in childhood cancer care and also to prioritize childhood cancer and increase available funding at the national and global levels. (30)

It is estimated that there will be 13.7 million cases of childhood cancer between 2020-2050. Unless there are major improvements in diagnosis and treatments, of this, 45% will go undiagnosed and 11.1 million will die if no further investments in interventions are made. The vast majority, almost 85%, will be concentrated in developing countries. (33A)

Psychosocial Care (20)

 

• Childhood cancer threatens every aspect of the family’s life and the possibility of a future, which is why optimal cancer treatment must include psychosocial care. 11
   

• The provision of psychosocial care has been shown to yield better management of common disease-related symptoms and adverse effects of treatment such as pain and fatigue.12
   

• Depression and other psychosocial concerns can affect adherence to treatment regimens by impairing cognition, weakening motivation, and decreasing coping abilities. 13
   

• For children and families, treating the pain, symptoms, and stress of cancer enhances quality of life and is as important as treating the disease. 14
   

• Childhood cancer survivors reported higher rates of pain, fatigue, and sleep difficulties compared with siblings and peers, all of which are associated with poorer quality of life. 15
   

• Changes in routines disrupt day-to-day functioning of siblings .16 Siblings of children with cancer are at risk for emotional and behavioral difficulties, such as anxiety, depression, and post traumatic stress disorder.17
   

• Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder are well documented for parents whose children have completed cancer treatment. 18
   

• Chronic grief has been associated with many psychological (e.g., depression and anxiety) and somatic symptoms (e.g., loss of appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue), including increased mortality risk. 19
   

• Cancer survivors in the United States reported medication use for anxiety and depression at rates nearly two times those reported by the general public, likely a reflection of greater emotional and physical burdens from cancer or its treatment. 21
   

• Financial hardship during childhood cancer has been found to affect a significant proportion of the population and to negatively impact family wellbeing. 22
   

• Adolescents with cancer experienced significantly more Health Related Hindrance (HRH) of personal goals than healthy peers, and their HRH was significantly associated with poorer health-related quality of life, negative affect, and depressive symptoms. 23
   

• Peer relationships of siblings of children with cancer are similar to classmates, though they experience small reductions in activity participation and school performance. 24
   

• Chronic health conditions resulting from childhood cancer therapies contribute to emotional distress in adult survivors. 25
   

• Parents have been found to report significant worsening of all their own health behaviors, including poorer diet and nutrition, decreased physical activity, and less time spent engaged in enjoyable activities 6 to 18 months following their child’s diagnosis. 26

Endnotes

1     American Cancer Society, Childhood and Adolescent Cancer Statistics, 2014 https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2014/special-section-cancer-in-children-and-adolescents-cancer-facts-and-figures-2014.pdf

 

1A   American Cancer Society, A Journal for Clinicians, Cancer Statistics 2020, Table 12: Case Distribution (2012 Through 2016) and 5-Year Relative Survival (2009 Through 2015) a by Age and ICCC Type, Ages Birth to 19 Years, United States. https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21590

 

2    St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, (JAMA. 2013:309 [22]: 2371-2381) http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1696100

 

3    National Center Biotechnology Information, Declining Childhood & Adolescent Cancer Mortality, Cancer 2014 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24853691

 

4    National Vital Statistics Report, vol. 62.6, December 20, 2013 http://www.cancer.gov/types/childhood-cancers/child-adolescent-cancers-fact-sheet

 

5   National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK61974/

 

6     American Society of Clinical Oncology http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/15/2625.short

 

6A   American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/childhood-cancer/introduction

 

7      National Cancer Institute, http://www.cancer.gov/research/areas/childhood https://www.cancer.gov/research/areas/childhood/fda-approved-drugs-childhood-cancers?cid=eb_govdel

 

7A    National Cancer Institute, SEER Median Age of Diagnosis 2008-2012, Table 1.12 http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012/results_merged/topic_med_age.pdf

 

7B    National Cancer Institute, SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1973-1997 (NCI 2000) http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/5/341.full

 

7C    National Cancer Institute, NIH/NCI https://fundedresearch.cancer.gov/nciportfolio/

 

7D    National Cancer Institute, NIH/NCI https://fundedresearch.cancer.gov/nciportfolio/about.jsp

 

7E     Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db257.htm

 

7F    National Cancer Institute, SEER Cancer Statistics. Annual Report to the Nation 2018

 

7G   National Cancer Institute, Percent of New Cases by Age Group: Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer SEER 21 2012-2016, All Races, Both Sexes

 

7H   National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Supportive Care (PDQ®)–Patient Version https://www.cancer.gov/types/childhood-cancers/pediatric-care-pdq

 

8     Journal of the National Cancer Institute “Cause-Specific Late Mortality Among 5 Year Survivors” http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/19/1368.full

 

9      NCI, SEER Age-Specific Rates and Counts for Cancer Sites by Single Year of Age at Diagnosis, Table 28.13 http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012/results_single/sect_28_table.13_2pgs.pdf

 

10     Additional information in this statement was obtained from several reliable and authoritative sources

 

11     Institute of Medicine, 2008 – Cancer Care for the Whole Patient

 

12     Jacobsen et al., 2012 (Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30 (11), p.1151-1153)

 

13     Institute of Medicine, 2008

 

14    Institute of Medicine 2015 – Comprehensive Care for Children with Cancer and Their Families

 

15    Children’s Oncology Group Long Term Follow-Up Guidelines, 2013

 

16     Alderfer et al., 2010 (Psycho-oncology, 19 (8), p. 789-805)

 

17    Alderfer et al., 2003 (Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28 (4), p. 281-286)

 

18    Kazak et al., 2004 (Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 29 (3), p. 211-219)

 

19    Alam et al., 2012 (Death Studies, 36 (1), p. 1-22)

 

20   Psychosocial care addresses the effects that cancer treatment has on the mental health and emotional wellbeing of patients, their family members, and their professional caregivers. Psychosocial care is not provided by a single profession alone: Instead, every patient-healthcare provider interaction provides an opportunity to assess the stressors and concerns of children and their family members.

 

21     Hawkins et al., 2017 (Journal of Clinical Oncology, 5 (1), 78-87)

 

22     Bona et al., 2014 (Journal of Pain Symptom Management, 47 (3), 594-600)

 

23     Schwartz & Brumley, 2017 (Journal of Adolescent & Young Adult Oncology, 6 (1), 142-149)

 

24     Alderfer et al., 2015 (Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40 (3) 309–319)

 

25     Vuotto et al., 2017 (Cancer, 123 (3), 521-528)

 

26     Wiener et al., 2016 (Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 33(5), 378–386)

 

27     Robison LL, Hudson MM. Survivors of childhood & adolescent cancer: life long risks & responsibilities. Nat Rev Cancer 22014; 14:61-70 NCI https://www.cancer.gov/types/childhood-cancers/child-adolescent-cancers-fact-sheet

 

28     UChicagoMedicine Understanding risks for childhood cancer survivors https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/cancer-articles/understanding-risks-for-childhood-cancer-survivors

 

29     Kebudi, R. and F.B. Cakir, Management of Diffuse Pontine Gliomas in Children: Recent Developments. Pediatric Drugs, 2013. 15(5): 351-362

 

30     World Health Organization https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer-in-children

 

30A   World Health Organization  https://www.who.int/cancer/childhood-cancer/en/

 

31    The Lancet. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 26 February 2019. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190226184140.htm

 

32    FDA Report Drug shortages https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-shortages/report-drug-shortages-root-causes-and-potential-solutions

 

33    Lancet Oncology. 2015 Mar; 16(3): e123–e136. doi: 10.1016/S1470- 2045(14)70409-7 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4485458/

 

33A  Lancet Oncology Sustainable care for children with cancer 03/30/2020 https://www.thelancet.com/commissions/childhood-cancer

 

34    Effect of Time from Diagnosis to Start of Radiotherapy on Children with Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma 2014 Jan 30. doi: 10.1002/pbc.24971 PMCID: PMC4378861NIHMSID: NIHMS667729 PMID: 24482196 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378861/

 

35   American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Central Nervous System Tumors – Childhood: Statistics https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/central-nervous-system-tumors-childhood/statistics

 

36   The National Children’s Cancer Society, The Economic Impact of Childhood Cancer, November 30, 2018 https://www.thenccs.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/the-economic-impact-of-childhood-cancer.pdf

 

37    National Institutes of Health Annual Report 2020 https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/annual-report-nation-cancer-death-rates-continue-decline-2020

 

 THIS DOCUMENT IS NOT INTENDED TO OFFER SPECIFIC STATISTICS REGARDING AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT OR THE PATIENT’S SPECIFIC FORM OF CANCER AND IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR INFORMATION THAT MAY BE SOUGHT FROM A PHYSICIAN.  IT IS MERELY INTENDED, BASED ON INFORMATION PRESENTLY AVAILABLE TO THE AUTHORS, TO BE A GOOD FAITH GENERAL PRESENTATION OF CHILDHOOD CANCER STATISTICS THAT MAY BE HELPFUL TO OTHERS SEEKING SUCH GENERAL INFORMATION.

​